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Author: rpuri

Finding resilience in the rains of Nawalapitiya, Kandy!

By

Riya Gupta, Communications Officer, BISA

N.S. Maliga Cooray, a tea and fruit farmer interacting with BISA team on her tea plantation in Nawalapitiya, Kandy, Sri Lanka. Photo credit: ACASA-BISA
Image Disclaimer: The photograph used in this blog post is published with the consent of the individual(s) depicted. Any further use or reproduction of this image without permission is not authorized.

Perched at 800 meters above sea level, the quiet village of Nawalapitiya lies tucked within the rippling hills of Sri Lanka’s Kandy district. This is tea country – lush, green, and serene. But behind the misty landscape is a community learning to survive in the crosshairs of a shifting climate. Among them is Ms. N.S. Maliga Cooray, a tea farmer who also cultivates passionfruit on her smallholding. On a bright afternoon, I had the opportunity to meet her and understand how farmers like her are navigating climate uncertainties.

Cooray is not just a farmer – she’s a decision-maker in a region where most women are not. She determines what to sow, when to plant, and how to harvest. That autonomy gives her a unique bargaining power while standing on the complex intersection of climate change and gender.

In the past five years, she has watched the climate transform in ways that threaten her livelihood. “It never used to be like this,” she said. Rainfall, once predictable and manageable, now arrives in intense bursts. Last June and July brought unprecedented downpours. Her passionfruit crop was entirely wiped out. Half her tea harvest was lost. The rains triggered pest infestations, fungal disease, and rampant wild grass growth – forcing her to spend more on labour just to maintain her fields.

Ironically, while rainfall has increased, water scarcity persists. Torrential rain runs off quickly, taking topsoil and fertilizers with it. What remains is erosion, degraded land, and polluted water sources. “We get rain, but we don’t get to keep the water,” she explained. The runoff not only weakens crops but also contaminates drinking water, leading to a rise in waterborne diseases in her area. Farmers here need more than rainfall – they need the means to harvest and manage it.

Yet Cooray is adapting. With support from an agricultural extension officer, she has adopted high-yielding varieties – plants more likely to survive erratic weather. She’s invested in drip irrigation for her tea, switched to organic fertilizers, and built stone bunds and drains to slow the runoff. These changes reflect a quiet revolution – climate adaptation from the ground up.

Still, she faces barriers that technology alone cannot overcome. Like many women across South Asia, Cooray carries the ‘triple burden’: she farms, runs a household, and raises three children. These responsibilities limit her access to markets and her ability to scale her efforts. “Even with better yields, I can’t go far to sell,” she said. “Transport costs are too high, and I can’t leave the kids.” Her words, though simple, reflect a deeply rooted challenge: without structural support, women’s economic potential is often stifled by roles they are expected to juggle alone.

Cooray isn’t giving up. She’s exploring crop diversification and is willing to pay a premium – up to 10% more – for seeds that offer a better chance of survival. But her finances are thinly stretched. “My first priority is my children’s education,” she said. For her, farming is not just about income – it’s about security, dignity, and a future for her family.

Her story is both a mirror and a message. It mirrors the lived reality of countless women farmers battling not just climate change, but structural inequalities. And it sends a message – that real adaptation isn’t just about surviving the weather. It’s about creating systems that allow farmers like Cooray to thrive, not just cope.

This is where strategic, science-backed initiatives like ACASA (Atlas of Climate Adaptation in South Asian Agriculture)come in. By generating and sharing localized climate intelligence, the Atlas empowers national and sub-national governments with the information needed to support communities like Nawalapitiya. Its mission is simple but profound: to improve the resilience and livelihoods of smallholder farmers through better planning, targeted interventions, and inclusive policy design.

Cooray’s journey reminds us that resilience is already taking root. The challenge – and opportunity – is to help it grow.

Understanding Farmers’ Reluctance to Cultivate Millets (Shree Anna) — and Strategies for Change

By

Rajesh Illathur, Project Coordinator, BISA-Pusa

In 2023, the world came together to celebrate the International Year of Millets- a tribute to one of humanity’s most ancient, resilient, and climate-smart crops. Governments, NGOs, and farming communities championed millets as a powerful solution for nutrition, sustainability, and future food security.

There was a surge of hope: millets would reclaim their rightful place on our plates and in our fields. Yet now, two years later, reality paints a different picture.

Despite promising prices and initial enthusiasm, millet cultivation and consumption have not expanded as envisioned. Fields expected to bloom with diverse millet varieties remain underused, while supermarket shelves continue to favour rice and wheat.

So, what went wrong? Why, despite global celebration, have millets not achieved the revival they deserve? More importantly, how can we reignite the momentum and unlock the true potential of millets — for farmers, consumers, and a planet in urgent need of resilient crops?


Why Millets Have Struggled to Scale

Several key challenges have limited the widespread adoption of millets:

  • Low Awareness: Many consumers still associate millets with traditional “poor man’s food,” rather than recognizing them as premium, healthful alternatives.
  • Limited Consumption: Indian diets, both rural and urban, are still dominated by rice and wheat. Without a strong culture of millet-based meals, consumption remains niche.
  • Weak Demand: Low consumption means local markets for millets remain small and fragmented.
  • Lack of Local Markets: Even when broader markets quote fair prices, farmers often find no reliable buyers nearby.
  • Poor Market Connectivity: Farmers cultivating millets face inconsistent demand, while processors struggle to access steady, quality supplies.

Thus, despite goodwill and international recognition, millets risk slipping back into obscurity without focused, systemic efforts.


A Step-by-Step Strategy to Unlock Millet’s Potential

If we want millet farming and consumption to thrive, we must start at the beginning: building awareness, then driving consumption, and finally strengthening supply chains.

1. Build Awareness First

Educational campaigns must penetrate both rural and urban areas. These efforts should highlight:

  • Nutritional Benefits: Millets are rich in fiber, protein, and essential minerals.
  • Climate Resilience: They require significantly less water, making them ideal for a warming world.
  • Economic Opportunity: With the right support, millets can become a profitable choice for farmers.

Incorporating millets into school meals, public health campaigns, and food festivals can help ignite grassroots interest.

2. Drive Local Consumption

Popularizing millet-based meals is essential. Campaigns like “Millet Mondays” or offering subsidized millet meals in office canteens and eateries can normalize millets across India’s food culture.

3. Expand Market Demand

As local consumption grows, demand will strengthen naturally. Empowering Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), cooperatives, and small-scale processors will ensure that supply can meet this rising demand efficiently.

4. Strengthen Supply Systems

Robust, farmer-friendly systems must be built to meet market needs:

  • Introduction of Improved Varieties: High-yield, climate-resilient millet seeds to boost productivity.
  • Mechanization: Access to millet-specific sowing equipments, harvesters, and threshers to reduce labor and improve efficiency.
  • Agronomical Training: Teaching best practices in millet cultivation, soil health, and sustainable farming.
  • Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM): Promoting eco-friendly, low-chemical solutions to protect crops.
  • Millet Processing Units: Supporting the development of local units to create value-added millet products — flours, ready-to-eat snacks, and packaged foods.
  • Value Addition through FPOs: Enabling farmers to process and market millet products collectively, ensuring better incomes.
  • Strong Market Linkages: Connecting farmers with large buyers, online platforms, institutional procurement programs, and export markets.

Conclusion: Millets Need a Movement, Not Just a Moment

Millets are more than just another crop — they are a solution to some of the greatest challenges of our time: nutritional insecurity, water scarcity, climate change, and farmer distress.

However, real change will not come from a one-time celebration. It demands a sustained, grassroots movement — one that begins by transforming consumer habits, creating strong local demand, and building resilient supply systems.

By rethinking our strategy — starting from people’s plates and working back to farmers’ fields — we can ensure millets become an everyday choice, not an occasional trend.

Millets are not just food; they are a future.

Let’s sow the seeds of change — one plate, one farm, one community at a time.

Mitigating Fertilizer Subsidy Burden: The Promise of BNI-Enabled Wheat Varieties in India

Manish K. Vishwakarma, Pradeep K. Bhati, and Arun K. Joshi

The Indian government’s hefty fertilizer subsidy highlights fertilizers’ vital role in boosting agricultural productivity. Farmers can buy urea at a regulated maximum retail price (MRP) through the urea subsidy program. A 45-kilogram bag of urea is priced at ₹242 per bag (excluding taxes and neem coating fees), while the actual cost can range from ₹2,200 to ₹3,000. The government provides the difference between the farm gate delivered cost and the net market realization to urea manufacturers or importers as a subsidy. Despite a revised estimate of ₹1.29-lakh crore, data from Business Line (Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers demand no 6 Department of Fertilizers, 2024-25) shows the urea subsidy rose above ₹1.30-lakh crore. However, this spending also poses significant economic and environmental challenges. Developing Biological Nitrification Inhibition (BNI)-enabled varieties is a promising solution to alleviate these issues. A robust breeding program to develop BNI wheat varieties is already underway in India through collaboration among ICAR-JICA/JIRCAS-BISA-CIMMYT.

Farmers broadcasting urea in their wheat fields (Source: BISA, PUSA)

What is BNI?

Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) is the natural ability of certain plants (especially certain genotypes) to curb soil nitrification. These plants release compounds from their roots that inhibit nitrifying bacteria, reducing the conversion of ammonium to nitrate. Nitrification can lead to substantial nitrogen losses through gaseous emissions and leaching, diminishing fertilizer effectiveness and polluting water sources.

How BNI-Enabled Varieties Can Help: BNI wheat varieties can help Indian agriculture in the following ways.

  • Enhanced Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE): BNI-enabled varieties allow farmers to utilize applied fertilizers more effectively by minimizing nitrogen losses up to 20 to 30%. This translates to higher yields with lower input costs.
  • Reduced Fertilizer Dependency: Increased NUE can reduce the overall amount of fertilizer required, lowering the government’s subsidy burden.
  • Environmental Benefits: Reduced nitrogen losses minimize groundwater contamination and greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a more sustainable agricultural system.
  • Farmer Profitability: Higher yields and reduced input costs can significantly boost farmers’ incomes.
Figure: Illustration of the benefits of BNI crops in sustainable agriculture

How does BNI work?

  • Some wheat varieties exude BNI compounds like phenolic acids or other secondary metabolites from their roots.
  • These compounds target ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea, which are responsible for the first step of nitrification.
  • By suppressing these microbes, BNI slows down the transformation of NH₄⁺ to NO₃

BNI-Wheat Research in India:

Breeding for BN wheat in India has its genesis in the JIRCAS-CIMMYT collaboration that produced pre-bred BNI wheat lines after years of hard work. Once those pre-breeding lines became available, a discussion between Arun Joshi (BISA) and Dr Subbarao (JIRCAS) resulted in a project grant by JICA on April 11, 2022. This project, “Establishment of Nitrogen-Efficient Wheat Production Systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains by the Development of BNI Technology,” involved BISA, the three ICAR institutions (IIWBR and CSSRI in Karnal and IARI in New Delhi), and JIRCAS, Japan. Although BISA initiated testing and breeding BNI varieties in 2020, the project began a full-fledged breeding program involving all partners. In addition, this project has evaluated parental BNI lines under different fertilizer doses, and BNI lines were found superior to non-BNI in low (75%) nitrogen doses.  

Locations of BNI experimentations and breeding in India, with a picture of BNI trials at BISA, Ludhiana

Since then, significant progress has been made in developing wheat varieties with the BNI trait.

The BNI-derived lines (BNI-Munal, BNI-Roelf, and BNI-Vorobey) were used as the donor and crossed/backcrossed with several newly released varieties for different wheat-growing zones of India (DBW 303, DBW 187, DBW 222, DBW 110, DBW 252 DBW 327 HI 1612 and 7 CIMMYT Advanced lines). These lines have been tested for all diseases and all other important agronomic traits. The best lines will be screened for Ug99 and wheat blast in Kenya and Bangladesh, respectively. By the next two years (2026 and 2027), a few BNI lines are expected to find a place in the all-India coordinated trials.

Implementing BNI-Enabled Varieties: The realization of BNI wheat varieties in farmers’ fields will require several steps, as mentioned below:

•   Research and Development: Continued research is crucial to identifying and developing high-yielding BNI-enabled varieties for various crops and agroclimatic zones in India. This aligns with ongoing efforts to strengthen breeding and seed systems in crops such as wheat, maize, and millet.

•   Seed System Strengthening: Establishing a robust seed system is essential to ensure the availability and accessibility of quality BNI-enabled seeds to farmers. Initiatives like the project on seed production systems in Bihar can serve as a model.

•   Extension Services: Effective extension programs are needed to educate farmers about the benefits of BNI-enabled varieties and provide them with the necessary knowledge and skills for successful cultivation. Leveraging capacity-building programs and predictive breeding tools can accelerate adoption.

•   Policy Support: Government policies should incentivize the breeding and adoption of BNI-enabled varieties. Policies promoting stress-tolerant varieties can serve as a template for integrating BNI varieties into existing frameworks.

Figure: Implementation of BNI-enabled varieties in the seed value chain

In this context, scientists from around the world, working on integrating the BNI trait into crops like wheat, sorghum, and paddy, convened at the 5th BNI-International consortium biennial meeting from December 3-6, 2024, at the International Congress Center “EPOCHAL TSUKUBA” in Japan. They participated in brainstorming sessions and presented current updates and future perspectives on breeding BNI varieties of crops, mainly wheat. From India, the scientific team was led by Prof. Arun K Joshi, Managing Director of BISA, and Dr. T.R. Sharma, Deputy Director General (Crop Science) at ICAR. The Indian participants included Dr. RK Yadav, Director, CSSRI Karnal, Dr. SC Bhardwaj, Dr. CN Mishra, Dr. PK Bhati, and Dr. MK Vishwakarma. They also participated in the CropSustaiN: Partnering with the global BNI-Wheat Mission – Develop Give/Take Linkages on December 6 in Tsukuba, Japan.

5th BNI-International Consortium Biennial Meeting Date: 3rd to 6th December, Venue: Hall 300, International Congress Center “EPOCHAL TSUKUBA” Japan.

Conclusion:

BNI-enabled varieties offer a sustainable and economically viable solution to mitigate the challenges associated with fertilizer subsidies in India. Significant progress has been made in the wheat crop to develop BNI varieties. By promoting increased NUE, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing farmer profitability, these varieties can contribute significantly to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector. BNI lines have shown promise under Indian conditions. The BNI breeding pipeline is in the advanced stage through the JICA-funded project involving BISA and ICAR institutes (IIWBR, IARI, and CSSRI). There is a high expectation that BNI lines might be in national trials in India in the next 2 years. By working together, scientists, policymakers, and farmers can make BNI wheat a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, helping feed the world while protecting the planet for future generations. Furthermore, integrating advanced breeding approaches and multi-omics research can accelerate the development and deployment of these innovative solutions, paving the way for a climate-resilient future.

BISA Welcomes Dr. M.L. Jat, DG, ICAR and Secretary DARE

By BISA Team

A felicitation and welcome ceremony was held at BISA, to honour Dr. M.L. Jat, the newly appointed Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR.

The ceremony was graced by several eminent dignitaries, including:

  1. Dr. R.K. Jat – Scientist & Incharge, BISA Pusa
  2. Dr. K.K. Singh – Head, ICAR-IARI Regional Station, Pusa
  3. Dr. M.L. Meena – Head, KVK Turki

Also in attendance were notable scientists and professionals such as Dr. Satish Nayak, Dr. Vijay Singh Meena, Dr. Kajod Mal Chaudhary, Dr. Manish Vishkarma, Dr. Shubham Durgude, Dr. Selvaganeshan, Dr. Sunil Kumar, Dr. Mohammad Hasnain, Dr. Subhayan, Mr. Mukesh Kumar, along with the staff of BISA Pusa and ICAR-IARI Regional Centre, and a large gathering of enthusiastic farmers from the Pusa region.

The ceremony was a heartwarming tribute to visionary leadership in agricultural science and research.

In his heartfelt address, Dr. M.L. Jat expressed his deep emotional bond with farmers in India, calling it “a connection that is heartfelt, enduring, and unforgettable.” He reaffirmed his unwavering commitment to stand by the farming community and to continue promoting science-backed innovations for enhancing agricultural resilience, productivity, and prosperity.

Dr. Arun Joshi, MD, BISA, extended his congratulations to Dr. Jat. According to Dr. Joshi, “This is a proud moment for Indian Agricultural Science. Dr. Jat’s appointment is a recognition of his lifelong commitment to sustainable, science-led solutions for farmers.”